{"id":844,"date":"2024-08-13T14:56:44","date_gmt":"2024-08-13T14:56:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/hwlegal.cz\/?p=844"},"modified":"2024-08-13T14:56:46","modified_gmt":"2024-08-13T14:56:46","slug":"odstoupeni-od-smlouvy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/hwlegal.cz\/en\/odstoupeni-od-smlouvy\/","title":{"rendered":"Withdrawal From the Contract In the Event Of Continuing Default"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V praxi \u010dasto vyvst\u00e1vaj\u00ed ot\u00e1zky ohledn\u011b odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy. Typick\u00fd p\u0159\u00edpad: druh\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed strana je v prodlen\u00ed se spln\u011bn\u00edm smluvn\u00ed povinnosti. Jak prov\u00e9st odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy, aby bylo v\u0161e pr\u00e1vn\u011b v po\u0159\u00e1dku? Kdy je t\u0159eba d\u00e1t druh\u00e9 stran\u011b dodate\u010dnou lh\u016ftu k pln\u011bn\u00ed, a kdy ne? Co kdy\u017e v\u011b\u0159itel lh\u016ftu k pln\u011bn\u00ed nedal, a rovnou odstoupil \u2013 mus\u00ed odstoupen\u00ed zopakovat? A co kdy\u017e je ve smlouv\u011b zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00faprava odstoupen\u00ed \u2013 m\u016f\u017ee v\u011b\u0159itel p\u0159esto postupovat dle z\u00e1kona?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud tyto ot\u00e1zky ned\u00e1vno zodpov\u011bd\u011bl, a to v rozhodnut\u00ed velk\u00e9ho sen\u00e1tu.[1]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podstatn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy vs. \u201epodstatn\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed\u201c<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nejprve se Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud vyj\u00e1d\u0159il k rozd\u00edlu mezi podstatn\u00fdm poru\u0161en\u00edm smlouvy<\/strong> dle \u00a7 2002 odst. 1 o.z., a poru\u0161en\u00edm smlouvy prodlen\u00edm<\/strong> dle \u00a7 1977 a 1978 o. z. \u00daprava v \u00a7 1977 a n\u00e1sl. o. z. je speci\u00e1ln\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u00a7 2002 a n\u00e1sl. Prodlen\u00ed se spln\u011bn\u00edm smluvn\u00ed povinnosti je toti\u017e zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00edm druhem<\/strong> poru\u0161en\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u00e1 i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00faprava se shoduj\u00ed v tom, \u017ee n\u00e1sledkem podstatn\u00e9ho poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy (pop\u0159. n\u00e1sledkem prodlen\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zakl\u00e1d\u00e1 podstatn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti), je pr\u00e1vo druh\u00e9 strany odstoupit<\/strong> od smlouvy ve lh\u016ft\u011b bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu<\/strong>. D\u00e1le se v\u0161ak obecn\u00e1 a zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00faprava li\u0161\u00ed v tom, jak m\u016f\u017ee druh\u00e1 strana postupovat, pokud sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo na odstoupen\u00ed bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu nerealizovala. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle obecn\u00e9 \u00fapravy<\/strong> pro poru\u0161en\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti: \u201eMohla-li strana odstoupit od smlouvy pro podstatn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti a nevyu\u017eila sv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vo, nebr\u00e1n\u00ed j\u00ed to odstoupit od smlouvy pozd\u011bji s odkazem na obdobn\u00e9 jedn\u00e1n\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany<\/em>\u201c.[2]<\/a> Odstoupen\u00ed tedy lze realizovat n\u00e1sledn\u011b, p\u0159i dal\u0161\u00edm opakovan\u00e9m poru\u0161en\u00ed t\u00e9\u017ee povinnosti \u010di jin\u00e9 povinnosti, kter\u00fdm bude poru\u0161ena smlouva podstatn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takov\u00e9 pravidlo by v\u0161ak ned\u00e1valo smysl u poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy prodlen\u00edm. A to kv\u016fli zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed povaze tohoto typu poruchy \u2013 prodlen\u00ed je kontinu\u00e1ln\u00ed stav a trv\u00e1 tak dlouho, dokud nenastane spln\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9 povinnosti. \u0160t\u011bpen\u00ed prodlen\u00ed se spln\u011bn\u00edm konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti, aby \u0161lo rozeznat \u201eopakovan\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed\u201c si lze v praxi t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159edstavit. Proto je tato situace pro p\u0159\u00edpad prodlen\u00ed upravena odli\u0161n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Podle zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed \u00fapravy<\/strong> pro poru\u0161en\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti prodlen\u00edm: \u201ezakl\u00e1d\u00e1-li prodlen\u00ed jedn\u00e9 ze smluvn\u00edch stran nepodstatn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed jej\u00ed smluvn\u00ed povinnosti, m\u016f\u017ee druh\u00e1 strana od smlouvy odstoupit pot\u00e9, co prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed strana svoji povinnost nespln\u00ed ani v dodate\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 lh\u016ft\u011b<\/em> (\u2026)\u201c.[3]<\/a>  To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pokud opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana neodstoup\u00ed od smlouvy z d\u016fvodu prodlen\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany, kter\u00e9 p\u0159edstavuje podstatn\u00e9 poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy, ve lh\u016ft\u011b bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu, m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159esto zvolit postup jako v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nepodstatn\u00e9ho prodlen\u00ed. M\u016f\u017ee takto stanovit prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b dodate\u010dnou p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou lh\u016ftu k pln\u011bn\u00ed, a pokud v t\u00e9to lh\u016ft\u011b nedojde ke spln\u011bn\u00ed dan\u00e9 smluvn\u00ed povinnosti, m\u016f\u017ee od smlouvy odstoupit.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jak\u00e9 jsou mo\u017enosti smluvn\u00ed strany, jestli\u017ee je druh\u00e1 strana v prodlen\u00ed se spln\u011bn\u00edm smluvn\u00ed povinnosti? <\/h1>\n\n\n\n

Mo\u017enosti opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 smluvn\u00ed strany v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee druh\u00e1 strana je v prodlen\u00ed se spln\u011bn\u00edm smluvn\u00ed povinnosti, jsou tedy n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jako prvn\u00ed je t\u0159eba zhodnotit, zda se jedn\u00e1 o tzv. podstatn\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed (smluvn\u00ed strana poru\u0161ila prodlen\u00edm svou smluvn\u00ed povinnost podstatn\u00fdm zp\u016fsobem). Dle koment\u00e1\u0159ov\u00e9 literatury \u201epodstatnost prodlen\u00ed\u201c z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch okolnostech. U fixn\u00edch smluv m\u016f\u017ee j\u00edt o jednodenn\u00ed prodlen\u00ed, u dlouhotrvaj\u00edc\u00edch z\u00e1vazk\u016f naopak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt podstatn\u00e9 i t\u00fddny trvaj\u00edc\u00ed prodlen\u00ed.[4]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokud se jedn\u00e1 o podstatn\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed<\/strong>, m\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana n\u011bkolik mo\u017enost\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Zaprv\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu odstoupit od smlouvy<\/strong>.[5]<\/a> M\u016f\u017ee tak p\u0159ivodit jednostrann\u00fdm pr\u00e1vn\u00edm jedn\u00e1n\u00edm v podstat\u011b okam\u017eit\u00fd konec z\u00e1vazku. Toto jej\u00ed siln\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed postaven\u00ed je nicm\u00e9n\u011b omezeno lh\u016ftou \u201ebez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu\u201c, kter\u00e1 za\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 b\u011b\u017eet, jakmile se o prodlen\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany dozv\u00ed. Kr\u00e1tk\u00e1 lh\u016fta pro odstoupen\u00ed m\u00e1 zamezit opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e9 stran\u011b ve spekulaci, zda se j\u00ed vyplat\u00ed odstoupit od smlouvy \u010di trvat na pln\u011bn\u00ed. T\u00e9\u017e chr\u00e1n\u00ed povinnou stranu p\u0159ed nejistotou ohledn\u011b toho, zda m\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed povinnost i p\u0159es sv\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed realizovat, anebo zda opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana vyu\u017eije pr\u00e1vo odstoupit od smlouvy (p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e n\u00e1klady na p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 pln\u011bn\u00ed prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed strany by se \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm odstoupen\u00edm staly marn\u00fdmi a \u0161ly by k jej\u00ed\u00a0t\u00ed\u017ei).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Zadruh\u00e9 m\u016f\u017ee opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana zvolit postup jako v\u00a0p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nepodstatn\u00e9ho prodlen\u00ed (\u00a7\u00a01978 a 1979 o.z.). Tento krok je vhodn\u00fd, pokud si opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana nen\u00ed jist\u00e1, zda je prodlen\u00ed podstatn\u00e9 \u010di nepodstatn\u00e9, nebo jestli\u017ee m\u00e1 st\u00e1le z\u00e1jem na pln\u011bn\u00ed smlouvy i p\u0159es prodlen\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany. Prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b d\u00e1 druhou \u0161anci t\u00edm, \u017ee j\u00ed poskytne dodate\u010dnou p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou lh\u016ftu k\u00a0pln\u011bn\u00ed<\/strong>. T\u00edmto d\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00edmu najevo, \u017ee na pln\u011bn\u00ed i p\u0159es prodlen\u00ed trv\u00e1, a \u017ee tedy od smlouvy neodstoup\u00ed, spln\u00ed-li prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed povinnost v\u00a0dodate\u010dn\u00e9 p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 lh\u016ft\u011b. Ozn\u00e1m\u00ed-li opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana z\u00e1rove\u0148 prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b, \u017ee dodate\u010dnou lh\u016ftu u\u017e neprodlou\u017e\u00ed, plat\u00ed, \u017ee jej\u00edm marn\u00fdm uplynut\u00edm od smlouvy odstoupila. P\u0159i absenci takov\u00e9ho ozn\u00e1men\u00ed, po marn\u00e9m uplynut\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 lh\u016fty, m\u00e1 opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana na v\u00fdb\u011br, zda odstoup\u00ed \u010di nikoliv; lh\u016ftou bez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu u\u017e zde nen\u00ed limitovan\u00e1.[6]<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Zat\u0159et\u00ed je mo\u017enost, \u017ee opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana neu\u010din\u00ed nic<\/strong>. V\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b j\u00ed zanikne pr\u00e1vo na odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy pro podstatn\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed. P\u0159ijde tedy o mo\u017enost p\u0159ivodit okam\u017eit\u00fd z\u00e1nik z\u00e1vazku bez toho, aby m\u011bl dlu\u017en\u00edk mo\u017enost dodate\u010dn\u011b splnit. P\u0159esto se m\u016f\u017ee rozhodnout postupovat jako v\u00a0bod\u011b 2. (dle \u00a7 1978 a 1979 o.z.). Opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana tedy m\u016f\u017ee stanovit prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b dodate\u010dnou p\u0159im\u011b\u0159enou lh\u016ftu ke spln\u011bn\u00ed povinnosti, a po jej\u00edm marn\u00e9m uplynut\u00ed odstoupit od smlouvy. Pop\u0159. ji\u017e p\u0159i stanoven\u00ed dodate\u010dn\u00e9 lh\u016fty ozn\u00e1mit, \u017ee lh\u016ftu ji\u017e neprodlou\u017e\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e \u00fa\u010dinky odstoupen\u00ed nastanou automaticky jej\u00edm uplynut\u00edm.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. \u010ctvrtou mo\u017enost\u00ed je, \u017ee opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana zme\u0161kala lh\u016ftu pro odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy pro podstatn\u00e9 prodlen\u00ed (bod 1.), p\u0159esto v\u0161ak opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana ozn\u00e1mila prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b, \u017ee odstupuje od smlouvy<\/strong> (ani\u017e by j\u00ed poskytla dodate\u010dnou lh\u016ftu). Prodlen\u00ed povinn\u00e9 strany nad\u00e1le trv\u00e1. V\u00a0takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nastanou \u00fa\u010dinky odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy po marn\u00e9m uplynut\u00ed p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9 dodate\u010dn\u00e9 lh\u016fty, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla b\u00fdt dlu\u017en\u00edku poskytnuta ke spln\u011bn\u00ed povinnosti (jej\u00ed b\u011bh po\u010d\u00edn\u00e1 okam\u017eikem, kdy se odstoupen\u00ed do\u0161lo dlu\u017en\u00edkovi).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Pokud je prodlen\u00ed nepodstatn\u00e9<\/strong>, m\u016f\u017ee opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 smluvn\u00ed strana postupovat dle bodu 2. (dle \u00a7 1978 a 1979 o.z.). Co se stane, je-li poskytnut\u00e1 dodate\u010dn\u00e1 lh\u016fta k pln\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u011b kr\u00e1tk\u00e1, a po jej\u00edm uplynut\u00ed opr\u00e1vn\u011bn\u00e1 strana odstoup\u00ed od smlouvy? V takov\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b \u00fa\u010dinky odstoupen\u00ed nastanou a\u017e marn\u00fdm uplynut\u00edm p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e9<\/strong> lh\u016fty. Tedy takov\u00e9 lh\u016fty, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla b\u00fdt prodl\u00e9vaj\u00edc\u00ed stran\u011b poskytnuta jako p\u0159im\u011b\u0159en\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Smluvn\u00ed \u00faprava pravidel pro odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy<\/h1>\n\n\n\n

    Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed soud se d\u00e1le zab\u00fdval ot\u00e1zkou, zda je t\u0159eba odstoupit od smlouvy ve lh\u016ft\u011b \u201ebez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu\u201c i pokud si strany ve smlouv\u011b sjednaj\u00ed odli\u0161n\u00e1 pravidla pro odstoupen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Z\u00e1konn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy jsou dispozitivn\u00ed. Z\u00e1kon toti\u017e v\u00fdslovn\u011b nezakazuje odli\u0161n\u00e9 ujedn\u00e1n\u00ed, a z\u00e1kaz odch\u00fdlit se o z\u00e1kona nevy\u017eaduje ani smysl a \u00fa\u010del t\u00e9to \u00fapravy. Strany tedy mohou nahradit tyto podm\u00ednky odli\u0161n\u00fdm smluvn\u00edm ujedn\u00e1n\u00edm. Z\u00e1konn\u00e1 pravidla pro odstoupen\u00ed se pak nepou\u017eij\u00ed v t\u00e9 m\u00ed\u0159e, v jak\u00e9 odporuj\u00ed smluvn\u00ed \u00faprav\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Smluvn\u00ed strany si mohou odli\u0161n\u011b ujednat podm\u00ednky pro vznik i uplatn\u011bn\u00ed pr\u00e1va na odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy. Mo\u017enost odstoupit od smlouvy tak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt v\u00e1z\u00e1na na podstatn\u00e9 (\u010di nepodstatn\u00e9) poru\u0161en\u00ed smlouvy<\/strong>. Nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt ani omezena lh\u016ftou \u201ebez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu\u201c ani povinnost\u00ed poskytnout dodate\u010dnou lh\u016ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    Text byl poprv\u00e9 publikov\u00e1n JUDr. Kate\u0159inou H\u00e1jkovou, LL.M., advok\u00e1tkou dne 30. 7. 2024 na serveru epravo.cz: https:\/\/www.epravo.cz\/top\/clanky\/odstoupeni-od-smlouvy-pri-trvajicim-prodleni-po-uplynuti-lhuty-dle-1977-o-z-118334.html <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    [1]<\/a> Rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, sp. zn. 31 Cdo 3823\/2023, ze dne 15. 5. 2024.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [2]<\/a> Ust. \u00a7 2003 odst. 2 o.z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [3]<\/a> Ust. \u00a7 1978 odst. 1 o.z.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [4]<\/a> HOR\u00c1K, Pavel. \u00a7 1977 [Odstoupen\u00ed p\u0159i podstatn\u00e9m prodlen\u00ed]. In: PETROV, Jan, V\u00ddTISK, Michal, BERAN, Vladim\u00edr a kol. Ob\u010dansk\u00fd z\u00e1kon\u00edk. 2. vyd\u00e1n\u00ed (2. aktualizace). Praha: C. H. Beck, 2023, marg. \u010d. 6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [5]<\/a> Lh\u016fta \u201ebez zbyte\u010dn\u00e9ho odkladu\u201c je neur\u010dit\u00e1 a jej\u00ed trv\u00e1n\u00ed bude z\u00e1viset na okolnostech p\u0159\u00edpadu. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b p\u016fjde o velmi kr\u00e1tk\u00fd \u010dasov\u00fd \u00fasek v \u0159\u00e1du dn\u016f, maxim\u00e1ln\u011b t\u00fddn\u016f, viz nap\u0159. n\u00e1lez \u00dastavn\u00edho soudu ze dne 15. 8. 2005, sp. zn. IV. \u00daS 314\/05; rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu ze dne 10. 12. 2013, sp. zn. 32 Cdo 2484\/2012; v podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch spr\u00e1vn\u00edho pr\u00e1va nap\u0159. rozsudek Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho spr\u00e1vn\u00edho soudu ze dne 12. 8. 2010, \u010d. j. 9 Afs 20\/2010-74.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    [6]<\/a> Odst. 51 od\u016fvodn\u011bn\u00ed rozsudku Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho soudu, sp. zn. 31 Cdo 3823\/2023, ze dne 15. 5. 2024.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Jak\u00e9 jsou pr\u00e1vn\u00ed mo\u017enosti odstoupen\u00ed od smlouvy p\u0159i prodlen\u00ed druh\u00e9 strany. 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